TENSES
The
links below are to lessons for each of the 12 basic tenses. In each lesson we
look at two aspects of the tense:
·
Structure: How do we make
the tense?
·
Use: When and why do
we use the tense?
Some
lessons look at additional aspects, and most of them finish with a quiz to
check your understanding.
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
How do we make the Simple Present Tense?
|
subject
|
+
|
auxiliary verb
|
+
|
main verb
|
|
|
|
do
|
|
base
|
There are three
important exceptions:
1. For positive sentences, we do not normally use the auxiliary.
2. For the 3rd person singular (he, she, it), we add s to the main
verb or es to the auxiliary.
3. For the verb to be, we do not use an auxiliary, even for
questions and negatives.
Look at these
examples with the main verb like:
|
|
subject
|
auxiliary verb
|
|
main verb
|
|
|
+
|
I, you, we, they
|
|
like
|
coffee.
|
|
|
He, she, it
|
|
likes
|
coffee.
|
||
|
-
|
I, you, we, they
|
do
|
not
|
like
|
coffee.
|
|
He, she, it
|
does
|
not
|
like
|
coffee.
|
|
|
?
|
Do
|
I, you, we, they
|
|
like
|
coffee?
|
|
Does
|
he, she, it
|
|
like
|
coffee?
|
Look at these
examples with the main verb be. Notice that there is no auxiliary:
|
|
subject
|
main verb
|
|
|
|
+
|
I
|
am
|
|
French.
|
|
You, we, they
|
are
|
|
French.
|
|
|
He, she, it
|
is
|
|
French.
|
|
|
-
|
I
|
am
|
not
|
old.
|
|
You, we, they
|
are
|
not
|
old.
|
|
|
He, she, it
|
is
|
not
|
old.
|
|
|
?
|
Am
|
I
|
|
late?
|
|
Are
|
you, we, they
|
|
late?
|
|
|
Is
|
he, she, it
|
|
late?
|
How do we use the Simple Present Tense?
We use the simple
present tense when:
- the action is general
- the action happens all the time, or habitually, in the past, present and future
- the action is not only happening now
- the statement is always true
|
John drives a taxi.
|
||
|
past
|
present
|
future
|
|
It is John's job to drive a taxi. He
does it every day. Past, present and future.
|
||
Look at these
examples:
- I live in New York.
- The Moon goes round the Earth.
- John drives a taxi.
- He does not drive a bus.
- We meet every Thursday.
- We do not work at night.
- Do you play football?
Note that with the
verb to be, we can also use the simple present tense for situations that
are not general. We can use the simple present tense to talk about now.
Look at these examples of the verb "to be" in the simple present
tense - some of them are general, some of them are now:
|
Am I right?
Tara is not at home. You are happy. |
||
|
past
|
present
|
future
|
|
|
||
|
The situation is now.
|
||
|
I am not fat.
Why are you so beautiful? Ram is tall. |
||
|
past
|
present
|
future
|
|
|
||
|
The situation is general. Past,
present and future.
|
||
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
We
often use the present continuous tense in English. It is very different from
the simple present tense, both in structure and in use.
In
this lesson we look at the structure and use of the present continuous tense,
followed by a quiz to check your understanding:
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
The
present perfect tense is a rather important tense in English, but it gives
speakers of some languages a difficult time. That is because it uses concepts
or ideas that do not exist in those languages. In fact, the structure of
the present perfect tense is very simple. The problems come with the use
of the tense. In addition, there are some differences in usage between British
and American English.
In
this lesson we look at the structure and use of the present perfect, followed
by a quiz to check your understanding:
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
How do we make the Present Perfect Continuous Tense?
The structure of
the present perfect continuous tense is:
|
subject
|
+
|
auxiliary verb
|
+
|
auxiliary verb
|
+
|
main verb
|
|
|
|
have
has |
|
been
|
|
base + ing
|
Here are some
examples of the present perfect continuous tense:
|
|
subject
|
auxiliary verb
|
|
auxiliary verb
|
main verb
|
|
|
+
|
I
|
have
|
|
been
|
waiting
|
for one hour.
|
|
+
|
You
|
have
|
|
been
|
talking
|
too much.
|
|
-
|
It
|
has
|
not
|
been
|
raining.
|
|
|
-
|
We
|
have
|
not
|
been
|
playing
|
football.
|
|
?
|
Have
|
you
|
|
been
|
seeing
|
her?
|
|
?
|
Have
|
they
|
|
been
|
doing
|
their homework?
|
Contractions
When we use the
present perfect continuous tense in speaking, we often contract the subject and
the first auxiliary. We also sometimes do this in informal writing.
|
I have been
|
I've been
|
|
You have been
|
You've been
|
|
He has been
She has been It has been John has been The car has been |
He's been
She's been It's been John's been The car's been |
|
We have been
|
We've been
|
|
They have been
|
They've been
|
Here are some
examples:
·
I've been reading.
·
The car's been giving trouble.
·
We've been playing tennis for two
hours.
How do we use the Present Perfect Continuous Tense?
This tense is
called the present perfect continuous tense. There is usually a
connection with the present or now. There are basically two uses for the
present perfect continuous tense:
1. An action that has just stopped or recently stopped
We use the present
perfect continuous tense to talk about an action that started in the
past and stopped recently. There is usually a result now.
|
I'm tired because I've been running.
|
|||||
|
past
|
present
|
future
|
|||
|
|||||
|
Recent action.
|
Result now.
|
|
|||
·
I'm tired [now] because I've
been running.
·
Why is the grass wet [now]? Has
it been raining?
·
You don't understand [now]
because you haven't been listening.
2. An action continuing up to now
We use the present
perfect continuous tense to talk about an action that started in the
past and is continuing now. This is often used with for or since.
|
I have been reading for 2 hours.
|
||||
|
past
|
present
|
future
|
||
|
||||
|
Action started in past.
|
Action is continuing now.
|
|
||
·
I have been reading for 2 hours.
[I am still reading now.]
·
We've been studying since 9
o'clock. [We're still studying now.]
·
How long have you been
learning English? [You are still learning now.]
·
We have not been smoking.
[And we are not smoking now.]
For and Since with Present Perfect Continuous Tense
We often use for
and since with the present perfect tense.
·
We use for to talk about a period
of time - 5 minutes, 2 weeks, 6 years.
·
We use since to talk about a point
in past time - 9 o'clock, 1st January, Monday.
|
for
|
since
|
||
|
a period of time
|
a point in past time
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
20 minutes
|
6.15pm
|
||
|
three days
|
Monday
|
||
|
6 months
|
January
|
||
|
4 years
|
1994
|
||
|
2 centuries
|
1800
|
||
|
a long time
|
I left school
|
||
|
ever
|
the beginning of time
|
||
|
etc
|
etc
|
Here are some
examples:
·
I have been studying for 3
hours.
·
I have been watching TV since
7pm.
·
Tara hasn't been feeling well for
2 weeks.
·
Tara hasn't been visiting us since
March.
·
He has been playing football for
a long time.
·
He has been living in Bangkok since
he left school.
SIMPLE PAST TENSE
The
simple past tense is sometimes called the preterite tense. We can use
several tenses to talk about the past, but the simple past tense is the one we
use most often.
In
this lesson we look at the structure and use of the simple past tense, followed
by a quiz to check your understanding:
PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
The
past continuous tense is an important tense in English. We use it to say
what we were in the middle of doing at a particular moment in the past.
In
this lesson we look at the structure and the use of the past continuouse tense,
followed by a quiz to check your understanding:
PAST
PERFECT TENSE
The
past perfect tense is quite an easy tense to understand and to use. This
tense talks about the "past in the past".
In
this lesson we look at:
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
How do we make the Past Perfect Continuous Tense?
The structure of
the past perfect continuous tense is:
|
subject
|
+
|
auxiliary verb HAVE
|
+
|
auxiliary verb BE
|
+
|
main verb
|
|
conjugated in simple past tense
|
past participle
|
present participle
|
||||
|
had
|
been
|
base + ing
|
||||
For negative
sentences in the past perfect continuous tense, we insert not after the
first auxiliary verb. For question sentences, we exchange the subject
and first auxiliary verb. Look at these example sentences with the past
perfect continuous tense:
|
|
subject
|
auxiliary verb
|
auxiliary verb
|
main verb
|
|
|
|
+
|
I
|
had
|
|
been
|
working.
|
|
|
+
|
You
|
had
|
|
been
|
playing
|
tennis.
|
|
-
|
It
|
had
|
not
|
been
|
working
|
well.
|
|
-
|
We
|
had
|
not
|
been
|
expecting
|
her.
|
|
?
|
Had
|
you
|
|
been
|
drinking?
|
|
|
?
|
Had
|
they
|
|
been
|
waiting
|
long?
|
When speaking with
the past perfect continuous tense, we often contract the subject and first
auxiliary verb:
|
I had been
|
I'd been
|
|
you had been
|
you'd been
|
|
he had
she had been it had been |
he'd been
she'd been it'd been |
|
we had been
|
we'd been
|
|
they had been
|
they'd been
|
How do we use the Past Perfect Continuous Tense?
The past perfect
continuous tense is like the past perfect tense, but it expresses longer
actions in the past before another action in the past. For
example:
·
Ram started waiting at 9am. I arrived
at 11am. When I arrived, Ram had been waiting for two hours.
|
Ram had been waiting for two
hours when I arrived.
|
||||||||
|
past
|
present
|
future
|
||||||
|
Ram starts waiting in past at 9am.
|
|
|
||||||
|
||||||||
|
I arrive in past at 11am.
|
|
|
||||||
Here are some more
examples:
·
John was very tired. He had been
running.
·
I could smell cigarettes. Somebody had
been smoking.
·
Suddenly, my car broke down. I was not
surprised. It had not been running well for a long time.
·
Had the
pilot been drinking before the crash?
You can sometimes
think of the past perfect continuous tense like the present perfect continuous
tense, but instead of the time being now the time is past.
|
past perfect continuous tense
|
|
present perfect continuous tense
|
||||
|
had |
been | doing | >>>> | |
|
| | | |
|
| | | |
have |
been | doing | >>>> | |
|||
|
|
|
|
||||
|
past
|
now
|
future
|
|
past
|
now
|
future
|
For example,
imagine that you meet Ram at 11am. Ram says to you:
·
"I am angry. I have been
waiting for two hours."
Later, you tell
your friends:
·
"Ram was angry. He had
been waiting for two hours."
SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE
The simple
future tense is often called will, because we make the simple future
tense with the modal auxiliary will.
How do we make the Simple Future Tense?
The structure of
the simple future tense is:
|
subject
|
+
|
auxiliary verb WILL
|
+
|
main verb
|
|
invariable
|
base
|
|||
|
will
|
V1
|
|||
For negative
sentences in the simple future tense, we insert not between the
auxiliary verb and main verb. For question sentences, we exchange the subject
and auxiliary verb. Look at these example sentences with the simple
future tense:
|
|
subject
|
auxiliary verb
|
main verb
|
|
|
|
+
|
I
|
will
|
|
open
|
the door.
|
|
+
|
You
|
will
|
|
finish
|
before me.
|
|
-
|
She
|
will
|
not
|
be
|
at school tomorrow.
|
|
-
|
We
|
will
|
not
|
leave
|
yet.
|
|
?
|
Will
|
you
|
|
arrive
|
on time?
|
|
?
|
Will
|
they
|
|
want
|
dinner?
|
When we use the
simple future tense in speaking, we often contract the subject and auxiliary
verb:
|
I will
|
I'll
|
|
you will
|
you'll
|
|
he will
she will it will |
he'll
she'll it'll |
|
we will
|
we'll
|
|
they will
|
they'll
|
For negative
sentences in the simple future tense, we contract with won't, like this:
|
I will not
|
I won't
|
|
you will not
|
you won't
|
|
he will not
she will not it will not |
he won't
she won't it won't |
|
we will not
|
we won't
|
|
they will not
|
they won't
|
How do we use the Simple Future Tense?
No Plan
We use the simple
future tense when there is no plan or decision to do something before we speak.
We make the decision spontaneously at the time of speaking. Look at these
examples:
- Hold on. I'll get a pen.
- We will see what we can do to help you.
- Maybe we'll stay in and watch television tonight.
In these examples,
we had no firm plan before speaking. The decision is made at the time of
speaking.
We often use the
simple future tense with the verb to think before it:
- I think I'll go to the gym tomorrow.
- I think I will have a holiday next year.
- I don't think I'll buy that car.
Prediction
We often use the
simple future tense to make a prediction about the future. Again, there is no
firm plan. We are saying what we think will happen. Here are some
examples:
- It will rain tomorrow.
- People won't go to Jupiter before the 22nd century.
- Who do you think will get the job?
Be
When the main verb
is be, we can use the simple future tense even if we have a firm plan or
decision before speaking. Examples:
- I'll be in London tomorrow.
- I'm going shopping. I won't be very long.
- Will you be at work tomorrow?
FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
How do we make the Future Continuous Tense?
The structure of
the future continuous tense is:
|
subject
|
+
|
auxiliary verb WILL
|
+
|
auxiliary verb BE
|
+
|
main verb
|
|
invariable
|
invariable
|
present participle
|
||||
|
will
|
be
|
base + ing
|
||||
For negative
sentences in the future continuous tense, we insert not between will
and be. For question sentences, we exchange the subject and will.
Look at these example sentences with the future continuous tense:
|
|
subject
|
auxiliary verb
|
auxiliary verb
|
main verb
|
|
|
|
+
|
I
|
will
|
|
be
|
working
|
at 10am.
|
|
+
|
You
|
will
|
|
be
|
lying
|
on a beach tomorrow.
|
|
-
|
She
|
will
|
not
|
be
|
using
|
the car.
|
|
-
|
We
|
will
|
not
|
be
|
having
|
dinner at home.
|
|
?
|
Will
|
you
|
|
be
|
playing
|
football?
|
|
?
|
Will
|
they
|
|
be
|
watching
|
TV?
|
When we use the
future continuous tense in speaking, we often contract the subject and will:
|
I will
|
I'll
|
|
you will
|
you'll
|
|
he will
she will it will |
he'll
she'll it'll |
|
we will
|
we'll
|
|
they will
|
they'll
|
For spoken
negative sentences in the future continuous tense, we contract with won't,
like this:
|
I will not
|
I won't
|
|
you will not
|
you won't
|
|
he will not
she will not it will not |
he won't
she won't it won't |
|
we will not
|
we won't
|
|
they will not
|
they won't
|
We sometimes use shall instead
of will, especially for I and we.
How do we use the Future Continuous Tense?
The future
continuous tense expresses action at a particular moment in the future.
The action will start before that moment but it will not have finished at that
moment. For example, tomorrow I will start work at 2pm and stop work at 6pm:
|
At 4pm tomorrow, I will be working.
|
|||||
|
past
|
present
|
future
|
|||
|
|||||
|
|
|
At 4pm, I will be in the middle of
working.
|
|||
When we use the
future continuous tense, our listener usually knows or understands what time we
are talking about. Look at these examples:
- I will be playing tennis at 10am tomorrow.
- They won't be watching TV at 9pm tonight.
- What will you be doing at 10pm tonight?
- What will you be doing when I arrive?
- She will not be sleeping when you telephone her.
- We'll be having dinner when the film starts.
- Take your umbrella. It will be raining when you return.
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
The future
perfect tense is quite an easy tense to understand and use. The future
perfect tense talks about the past in the future.
How do we make the Future Perfect Tense?
The structure of
the future perfect tense is:
|
subject
|
+
|
auxiliary verb WILL
|
+
|
auxiliary verb HAVE
|
+
|
main verb
|
|
invariable
|
invariable
|
past participle
|
||||
|
will
|
have
|
V3
|
||||
Look at these
example sentences in the future perfect tense:
|
|
subject
|
auxiliary verb
|
auxiliary verb
|
main verb
|
|
|
|
+
|
I
|
will
|
|
have
|
finished
|
by 10am.
|
|
+
|
You
|
will
|
|
have
|
forgotten
|
me by then.
|
|
-
|
She
|
will
|
not
|
have
|
gone
|
to school.
|
|
-
|
We
|
will
|
not
|
have
|
left.
|
|
|
?
|
Will
|
you
|
|
have
|
arrived?
|
|
|
?
|
Will
|
they
|
|
have
|
received
|
it?
|
In speaking with
the future perfect tense, we often contract the subject and will.
Sometimes, we contract the subject, will and have all
together:
|
I will have
|
I'll have
|
I'll've
|
|
you will have
|
you'll have
|
you'll've
|
|
he will have
she will have it will have |
he'll have
she'll have it'll have |
he'll've
she'll've it'll've |
|
we will have
|
we'll have
|
we'll've
|
|
they will have
|
they'll have
|
they'll've
|
We sometimes use shall instead
of will, especially for I and we.
How do we use the Future Perfect Tense?
The future perfect
tense expresses action in the future before another action in the
future. This is the past in the future. For example:
- The train will leave the station at 9am. You will arrive at the station at 9.15am. When you arrive, the train will have left.
|
The train will have left when you
arrive.
|
||||||||
|
past
|
present
|
future
|
||||||
|
|
|
Train leaves in future at 9am.
|
||||||
|
||||||||
|
|
|
You arrive in future at 9.15am.
|
||||||
Look at some more
examples:
- You can call me at work at 8am. I will have arrived at the office by 8.
- They will be tired when they arrive. They will not have slept for a long time.
- "Mary won't be at home when you
arrive."
"Really? Where will she have gone?"
You can sometimes
think of the future perfect tense like the present perfect tense, but instead
of your viewpoint being in the present, it is in the future:
|
present perfect tense
|
|
future perfect tense
|
||||
|
|
have | done | > | |
will |
have | done | > | |
|||||
|
|
|
|
||||
|
past
|
now
|
future
|
|
past
|
now
|
future
|
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
How do we make the Future Perfect Continuous Tense?
The structure of
the future perfect continuous tense is:
|
subject
|
+
|
auxiliary verb WILL
|
+
|
auxiliary verb HAVE
|
+
|
auxiliary verb BE
|
+
|
main verb
|
|
invariable
|
invariable
|
past participle
|
present participle
|
|||||
|
will
|
have
|
been
|
base + ing
|
|||||
For negative
sentences in the future perfect continuous tense, we insert not between will
and have. For question sentences, we exchange the subject and will.
Look at these example sentences with the future perfect continuous tense:
|
|
subject
|
auxiliary verb
|
auxiliary verb
|
auxiliary verb
|
main verb
|
|
|
|
+
|
I
|
will
|
|
have
|
been
|
working
|
for four hours.
|
|
+
|
You
|
will
|
|
have
|
been
|
travelling
|
for two days.
|
|
-
|
She
|
will
|
not
|
have
|
been
|
using
|
the car.
|
|
-
|
We
|
will
|
not
|
have
|
been
|
waiting
|
long.
|
|
?
|
Will
|
you
|
|
have
|
been
|
playing
|
football?
|
|
?
|
Will
|
they
|
|
have
|
been
|
watching
|
TV?
|
When we use the
future perfect continuous tense in speaking, we often contract the subject and
auxiliary verb:
|
I will
|
I'll
|
|
you will
|
you'll
|
|
he will
she will it will |
he'll
she'll it'll |
|
we will
|
we'll
|
|
they will
|
they'll
|
For negative
sentences in the future perfect continuous tense, we contract with won't,
like this:
|
I will not
|
I won't
|
|
you will not
|
you won't
|
|
he will not
she will not it will not |
he won't
she won't it won't |
|
we will not
|
we won't
|
|
they will not
|
they won't
|
How do we use the Future Perfect Continuous Tense?
We use the future
perfect continuous tense to talk about a long action before some point in the
future. Look at these examples:
·
I will have been working here
for ten years next week.
·
He will be tired when he arrives. He will
have been travelling for 24 hours.
tugas
TENSES
DISUSUN OLEH :
NAMA : ADANG SUNANDAR
KELAS : XI tkj 4
B. STUDY : b.
inggris
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INSANI
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kata pengantar
Assalamu’alaikum
Wr. Wb.
Puji dan syukur kita panjatkan kehadirat Allah
SWT. karena dengan Taufik dan Rahmat-Nyalah Makalah ini dapat terselesaikan.
Shalawat serta salam kita serahkan pada
junjungan kita Nabi Muhammd SAW,yang mana telah membawa kita kejalan yang
terang.
Makalah
ini memuat tentang semua Tenses dalam mata pelajaran bahasa inggris. Tak lupa
saya juga mengucapkan terima kasih kepada Bapak/ibu guru yang telah membimbing
kami untuk menyelesaikan makalah ini.
Semoga makalah ini dapat memberikan wawasan
yang lebih luas kepada pembaca. Walaupun makalah ini memiliki kelebihan dan
kekurangan. saya mohon untuk saran dan kritiknya. terima kasih.
KLIPING
SENI BUDAYA
PERKEMBANGAN SENI BUDAYA DI INDONESIA
DISUSUN OLEH :
Tatu komalasari
Ana mairana
Rodatul amanah
Atiah
Uswatun Hasanah
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